Terraforming Gone Wrong

This site gives the same ideas as the other resourses. However this site tells us how terrafroming the planet could back fire. The idea of of heating up the planet is a good idea but it also has a down side. The heat could cause Mars to flood in water. We don't know exactly how much water would pour out from the Martian soil. Also we dont know how much water is being held in the frozen poles of Mars. This would leave little space for humans to colonize if the planet flooded. Furthermore Mars has no global magnetic field. Although this is not such a big deal for humans, if we wanted to bring animals it would create a problem for them. This site took the ideas of the other sites I visited and provided a different vantage point to view from. Makes you think about what could go wrong with terraforming instead of just stating what could go right.


http://www.colonyworlds.com/2007/05/is-terraforming-mars-a-bad-idea.html

Polluting Mars

This video presents the idea of moving to Mars because of the Sun. The Sun continues to grow and become hotter and hotter. Not only does the heat affect us and other organisms, but the suns powerful rays harm us as well. We cannot escape the fact that the Sun is becoming more dangerous to humans and Earth as a whole. Humans will no longer be protected from the sun by using sun screen. To avoid dying from the radiation and heat we must look for a new planet to live on. The ideal planet for this is Mars. The video explains how we can change the biosphere of Mars to become habitable. It suggests that we create machines that will pollute the atmosphere of Mars by adding greenhouse gases. These machines will be dropped onto Mars. Over time the plan is that the greenhouse gases will heat up the planet, enough to introduce algae. The algae would then soak up the polluted air and filter it back out with oxygen. Once the algae clean the air up a little bit we would start introducing more plant life to speed up the process. When enough oxygen is in the atmosphere humans will add small organisms until finally we are able to inhabit the planet.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1V63LnUFeo&feature=relmfu

Resources Post

One site I found that had a lot of relevant information was about the element thorium. This site has just about everything you need to know about thorium. The site tells you its abundance among other things and how it can be used as clean nuclear fuel. Thorium could be the new oil of Earth or of another planet if we did ever move. Unlike oil it is very abundant and is environmentally friendly. The only problem is finding a cost effective way to extract its energy.  

Another site I found had many facts about the biosphere of Mars. It talks about ways in which we could terraform Mars. The site gives insight to how we could introduce greenhouse gases to Mars to make its atmosphere breathable. At the moment the atmosphere of Mars is inhabitable by humans or any other kind of life. The average temperature is around -100 degrees Celsius. This is way too cold for any human to endure much less any other organism. That is the reason that the introduction of greenhouse gases would be important to raise the temperature.

The picture I put up is just an example of what Mars could like if we terraformed and colonized it. People would live and work in dome like structures. Life would be concealed to the confines of these domes. Any venture outside of these domes would require a space suit.

Lastly, I found a site that explained why Mars would be our best option for terraforming. It compares Earth to Mars. There are several similarities between the two planets. Mars has the “ingredients” and potential to be terraformed and colonized. We as humans have the difficult task of creating the right recipe to turn Mars into a habitable planet.  A lot of factors play into this task. Time is one of them. This big of a project would take hundreds of years.

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf62.html
http://www.affs.org/html/the_quest_to_terraform_mars.html
http://science.howstuffworks.com/terraforming1.htm

Thorium

• Thorium is more abundant in nature than uranium. 
• It is fertile rather than fissile, and can be used in conjunction with fissile material as nuclear fuel. 
• Thorium fuels can breed fissile uranium-233. 

The use of thorium as a new primary energy source has been a tantalizing prospect for many years. Extracting its latent energy value in a cost-effective manner remains a challenge, and will require considerable R&D investment.

Nature and sources of thorium

Thorium is a naturally-occurring, slightly radioactive metal discovered in 1828 by the Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius, who named it after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. It is found in small amounts in most rocks and soils, where it is about three times more abundant than uranium. Soil commonly contains an average of around 6 parts per million (ppm) of thorium.
Thorium exists in nature in a single isotopic form - Th-232 - which decays very slowly (its half-life is about three times the age of the Earth). The decay chains of natural thorium and uranium give rise to minute traces of Th-228, Th-230 and Th-234, but the presence of these in mass terms is negligible.
When pure, thorium is a silvery white metal that retains its lustre for several months. However, when it is contaminated with the oxide, thorium slowly tarnishes in air, becoming grey and eventually black. Thorium oxide (ThO2), also called thoria, has one of the highest melting points of all oxides (3300°C). When heated in air, thorium metal turnings ignite and burn brilliantly with a white light. Because of these properties, thorium has found applications in light bulb elements, lantern mantles, arc-light lamps, welding electrodes and heat-resistant ceramics. Glass containing thorium oxide has a high refractive index and dispersion and is used in high quality lenses for cameras and scientific instruments.
The most common source of thorium is the rare earth phosphate mineral, monazite, which contains up to about 12% thorium phosphate, but 6-7% on average. Monazite is found in igneous and other rocks but the richest concentrations are in placer deposits, concentrated by wave and current action with other heavy minerals. World monazite resources are estimated to be about 12 million tonnes, two-thirds of which are in heavy mineral sands deposits on the south and east coasts of India. There are substantial deposits in several other countries (see Table below). Thorium recovery from monazite usually involves leaching with sodium hydroxide at 140°C followed by a complex process to precipitate pure ThO2.
Thorite (ThSiO4) is another common mineral. A large vein deposit of thorium and rare earth metals is in Idaho.
The 2007 IAEA-NEA publication Uranium 2007: Resources, Production and Demand (often referred to as the 'Red Book') gives a figure of 4.4 million tonnes of total known and estimated resources, but this excludes data from much of the world. Data for reasonably assured and inferred resources recoverable at a cost of $80/kg Th or less are given in the table below. Some of the figures are based on assumptions and surrogate data for mineral sands, not direct geological data in the same way as most mineral resources.

Estimated world thorium resources¹ 

(Reasonably assured and inferred resources recoverable at
up to $80/kg Th)

Country	Tonnes	% of total
Australia	489,000	19
USA	400,000	15
Turkey	344,000	13
India	319,000	12
Venezuela	300,000	12
Brazil	302,000	12
Norway	132,000	5
Egypt	100,000	4
Russia	75,000	3
Greenland	54,000	2
Canada	44,000	2
South Africa	18,000	1
Other countries	33,000	1
World total	2,610,000

Thorium as a nuclear fuel

Thorium (Th-232) is not itself fissile and so is not directly usable in a thermal neutron reactor – in this regard it is very similar to uranium-238. However, it is ‘fertile’ and upon absorbing a neutron will transmute to uranium-233 (U-233)^a, which is an excellent fissile fuel material b. Thorium fuel concepts therefore require that Th-232 is first irradiated in a reactor to provide the necessary neutron dosing. The U-233 that is produced can either be chemically separated from the parent thorium fuel and recycled into new fuel, or the U-233 may be usable ‘in-situ’ in the same fuel form.
Thorium fuels therefore need a fissile material as a ‘driver’ so that a chain reaction (and thus supply of surplus neutrons) can be maintained. The only fissile driver options are U-233, U-235 or Pu-239 (none of which is easy to supply).

It is possible – but quite difficult – to design thorium fuels that produce more U-233 in thermal reactors than the fissile material they consume (this is referred to as having a fissile conversion ratio of more than 1.0 and is also called breeding). Thermal breeding with thorium is only really possible using U-233 as the fissile driver, and to achieve this the neutron economy in the reactor has to be very good (ie, low neutron loss through escape or parasitic absorption).  The possibility to breed fissile material in slow neutron systems is a unique feature for thorium-based fuels and is not possible with uranium fuels.

Another distinct option for using thorium is as a ‘fertile matrix’ for fuels containing plutonium (and even other transuranic elements like americium). No new plutonium is produced from the thorium component, unlike for uranium fuels, and so the level of net consumption of this metal is rather high. In fresh thorium fuel, all of the fissions (thus power and neutrons) derive from the driver component. As the fuel operates the U-233 content gradually increases and it contributes more and more to the power output of the fuel. The ultimate energy output from U-233 (and hence indirectly thorium) depends on numerous fuel design parameters, including: fuel burn-up attained, fuel arrangement, neutron energy spectrum and neutron flux (affecting the intermediate product protactinium-233, which is a neutron absorber).
An important principle in the design of thorium fuel is that of heterogeneous fuel arrangements in which a high fissile (and therefore higher power) fuel zone called the seed region is physically separated from the fertile (low or zero power) thorium part of the fuel – called the blanket. Such an arrangement is far better for supplying surplus neutrons to thorium nuclei so they can convert to fissile U-233, in fact all thermal breeding fuel designs are heterogeneous. This principle applies to all the thorium-capable reactor systems.

The Overall

The overall assignment of our group turned out well. We are the bioshphere group and we had to come up with ideas and facts that would help create a living environment on Mars. We searched facts about Mars and other elements that were useful to the creation of terraforming.

Another Source (Less Detailed)

This idea also relates to our topic of terraforming Mars. This deals with the biological part of our project. This idea is good only on describing what is needed to terraform Mars. It explains the steps that we have to do as a group to make it work. It doesn't talk specifically about any biological factors. There is a lot of detail that still needs to be talked about. For example some of the facts that earth can compare to Mars. It needs a little bit more of biological detail and environmental factors.

http://library.thinkquest.org/11967/terraforming.html

Mars Vs. Earth

Mars City

What a colony could look like on Mars.

NASA Space Station on Mars

Mars Converting into Earth

It's amazing how we can be able to generate stations of carbon dioxide in Mars. Mars has important features that are similar to planet earth. For example, an important element that Mars contains is water. With water we can do many things.We can have oxygen and we can have an atmosphere in which we can live in. We will be able to have water as our first element of survival. As time passes by we may  start creating habitats and other living environments such as forests. Having green areas will help put even more on delivering oxygen to us humans. Water will be expanding and lakes will be forming. These are key factors that will start developing living conditions to live on. Soon, Mars will be transforming into a second earth. It will have a similar biosphere.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRW2hoXQ57k&feature=fvst

In order to live on Mars we have to have ecosystem that will allow us to survive. Ecosystems such as temperate grasslands, tundras, rain forests, forests, deserts, lakes, swamps, rivers, and estuararies. These are some of the main ecosystems that are needed in order for human life to be supported. Another important aspect that needs to be taken into consideration is that 'solar energy has to be converted into biomass energy. Photosynthesis also has to take place so that plant life in Mars will continue to do their process of respiration. These are some important features that have to do with the biological side of the our group.

Dust Storm 2001

Terms from nasa.gov

KEY TERMS
Plate tectonics: The movement of rigid plates (lithosphere) on a mobile upper mantle (asthenosphere).
Erosion: The movement or grinding away of surface materials by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
Dendritic drainage patterns: Networks of stream channels caused by flowing waters.
Permafrost: Frozen layer at variable depth below the surface in frigid regions of a planet.
Impact Craters: Craters formed when objects or impactors smashed into the surface.
Ejecta: Material thrown out of the area that becomes the crater during impact; does not account for all material since much is vaporized or melted.
Rays: Bright streaks starting from a crater and extending away for great distances.
Raised Rim: Rock thrown out of the crater and deposited in a ring-shaped pile at the crater's edge during an impact.
Crater Floor: Bowl-shaped or flat area of a crater, usually below the surrounding ground level unless filled in with lava.

Terraforming Mars

Thorium Reactors

Body Differences Between Earth & Mars by Nasa.Gov

Bulk parameters
Mars Earth Ratio (Mars/Earth)
Mass (1024 kg) 0.64185 5.9736 0.107
Volume (1010 km3) 16.318 108.321 0.151
Equatorial radius (km) 3396.2 6378.1 0.532
Polar radius (km) 3376.2 6356.8 0.531
Volumetric mean radius (km) 3389.5 6371.0 0.532
Core radius (km) 1700 3485 0.488
Ellipticity (Flattening) 0.00589 0.00335 1.76
Mean density (kg/m3) 3933 5515 0.713
Surface gravity (m/s2) 3.71 9.80 0.379
Surface acceleration (m/s2) 3.69 9.78 0.377
Escape velocity (km/s) 5.03 11.19 0.450
GM (x 106 km3/s2) 0.04283 0.3986 0.107
Bond albedo 0.250 0.306 0.817
Visual geometric albedo 0.170 0.367 0.463
Visual magnitude V(1,0) -1.52 -3.86 -
Solar irradiance (W/m2) 589.2 1367.6 0.431
Black-body temperature (K) 210.1 254.3 0.826
Topographic range (km) 30 20 1.500
Moment of inertia (I/MR2) 0.366 0.3308 1.106
J2 (x 10-6) 1960.45 1082.63 1.811
Number of natural satellites 2 1
Planetary ring system No No

Mars Fact Sheet by nasa.gov

Martian Atmosphere

Surface pressure: 6.36 mb at mean radius (variable from 4.0 to 8.7 mb depending on season)
[6.9 mb to 9 mb (Viking 1 Lander site)]
Surface density: ~0.020 kg/m3
Scale height: 11.1 km
Total mass of atmosphere: ~2.5 x 1016 kg
Average temperature: ~210 K (-63 C)
Diurnal temperature range: 184 K to 242 K (-89 to -31 C) (Viking 1 Lander site)
Wind speeds: 2-7 m/s (summer), 5-10 m/s (fall), 17-30 m/s (dust storm) (Viking Lander sites)
Mean molecular weight: 43.34 g/mole
Atmospheric composition (by volume):
Major : Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - 95.32% ; Nitrogen (N2) - 2.7%
Argon (Ar) - 1.6%; Oxygen (O2) - 0.13%; Carbon Monoxide (CO) - 0.08%
Minor (ppm): Water (H2O) - 210; Nitrogen Oxide (NO) - 100; Neon (Ne) - 2.5;
Hydrogen-Deuterium-Oxygen (HDO) - 0.85; Krypton (Kr) - 0.3;
Xenon (Xe) - 0.08

Biosphere 2

Stephen Hawking's Terraforming Mars